I have been fortunate to have Berle as a colleague and friend since the Dark Ages before the rise of geophysical surveys. We shared thoughts and ideas about the happenings in the Middle Ohio Valley during the Early and Middle Woodland Time periods (e.g. Greber and Clay 1993). We still do this today.
Archaeologists deal with space, time, and form. Historically the name of the Adena Mound in Ross County Ohio became the name of an archaeological culture in the Ohio River drainage that stretched from the panhandle of West Virginia to the falls of the Ohio (Clay 1991, Dragoo 1963, Greenman 1932, Mills 1901-02, Webb and Snow 1945). This was based largely on form by adding together attributes from each local geographical region to identify a common “archaeological culture” usually assigned to an Early Woodland time period. The utility of this concept came into question as more chronological data show an overlap in time between sites identified as “Hopewell” and attributed to a Middle Woodland time period and sites labeled “Adena” (Swartz 1970, Applegate and Mainfort 2005). To consider questions concerning changes and/or variations in cultural manifestations, and, in particular, possible relationships between “Adena” and “Hopewell”, it is useful to begin with local geographic regions, that is, to restrict space.