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Notes:


Robert Horn and I have recently tabulated 51 large earthworks in Ohio Hopewell regions enclosing more than ten acres (Greber and Horn 2010). An integral design element in nine is the inclusion of walled-ways in the ground plans. We did not (and for now are not) discussing isolated enclosure of this type. Walled-ways fall into two groups: ones that connect other enclosures in the ground plan as at Turner (Willoughby and Hooton 1922: Plate 1) and Seal (Squier and Davis 1848: Plate XXIV); ones that lead to water or to a terrace edge that is, or was at some past time, close to water, as at Hopeton (Squier and Davis 1948: Plate XVII). A vast range exists in the lengths of walled-ways per site from three thousands or less feet to miles. The Portsmouth Works share with the Newark Earthworks the top of this range.