Necturus Caudal Vertebrae Descriptions/Definitions
a. Neural spine- a dorsal projection attached to the body of the vertebra
b. Neural arch- located dorsally, and forms the roof of the neural canal; also bears a neural process
c. Hemal arch- located ventrally in the tail, and allows for the passage of blood vessels
d. Hemal spine- a ventral projection attached to the body of the vertebra
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