SOURCES FOR STUDY OF ICONOGRAPHY

• Introduction to Iconography
• General Reference Sources
• Religious Texts
• Religious Themes in Art
• Saints in Art
• Myth, Legend, and Classical References
• Emblems
• Heraldry
• Periods, Styles, and Regions
• Journals

Introduction to Iconography:

• Bialostocki, Jan. "Iconography and Iconology," in Encyclopedia of World Art. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. Vol. 7, 769-85.
• Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology. New York: Harper, 1967.

The introduction is important for an understanding of Panofsky's approach to iconology.
• Straten, Roelof van. An Introduction to Iconography. Trans. by Patricia de Man. Switzerland: Gordon & Breach, 1994.

A very good source for explanations, in brief, of iconography and terms associated with that study.

General Reference Sources:

• Bernen, Satia, and Robert Bernen. Myth and Religion in European Painting 1270-1799: The Stories as the Artists Knew Them. London: Constable, 1973.
• Chevalier, Jean, and Alain Gheerbrant. Dictionnaire des symboles: mythes, reves, coutumes, gestes, formes, figures, couleurs, nombres. Paris; Robert Laffont, 1982.
• Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998.
• Hall, James. Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

The single best source for quick information about subjects, symbols, and attributes.
• Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst. Ed. by Klaus Wessel. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1966 +.

Contains signed articles by scholarly authorities. Includes bibliography.
Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte. Ed. by Otto Schmitt and Karl-August Wirth. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche. Contains signed, scholarly articles covering Middle Ages to mid-19th century.

Religious Texts:

• Apocryphal New Testament.
• Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Ed. by F.L.Cross and E.A. Livingstone. London: Oxford University Press, 1974.
• Gaskell, G.A. Dictionary of All Scriptures and Myths. New York: Julian, 1960.
• The Holy Bible. Rockford, IL: Tan Books, n.d.

The Douay Rheims version, closest to the Latin Vulgate, known in medieval times. Also available online.
• The Holy Bible. Philadelphia: National Bible Press, 1955.

King James version. Excludes apocryphal books. Also available online .

Religious Themes in Art:

• Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. Encyclopedia of Women in Religious Art. New York: Continuum, 1996.
• Bunce, Frederick W. An Encyclopaedia of Buddhist Dieties, Demigods, Godlings, Saints and Demons. New Delhi: D.K.Printworld, 1994.
• Davidson, Gustav A Dictionary of Angels Including the Fallen Angels. New York: Free Press, 1967
• Goodenough, E.R. Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period. New York: Pantheon, 1953-1968
• Graves, Robert, and Raphael Patai. Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis. New York: Greenwich House, 1983.
• Hulme, F. Edward. The History, Principles and Practice of Symbolism in Christian Art. Detroit: Gale, 1969.
• Kirschbaum, Englebert. Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie. Freiburg: Herder, 1976.

The best single source for Christian iconography. First four volumes contain general iconography, the last four are devoted to saints. Each entry includes a bibliography.
• Metford, J.C.J. Dictionary of Christian Lore and Legend. London: Thames & Hudson, 1983.
• Murray, Peter, and Linda Murray. The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Reau, Louis. Iconographie de l'art chretien. Nedlen/Liechtenstein: Kraus-Thomson, 1974

Extensive work, includes theoretical introduction to Christian iconography, and treats biblical themes in art, texts referring to the themes, and saints.
• Schiller, Gertrud. Iconography of Christian Art. Trans. by Janet Seligman. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1972.

Contains the life of Christ. Translation of the first two volumes of the set listed below.
Schiller, Gertrud. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. Gutersloh, Germany: Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1971-1980. First two volumes deal with the life of Christ. Remaining volumes contain information on the Ascension and Resurrection, the Church, and Mary. The final part is an index for all volumes.

Saints in Art:

Butler, Alban. Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: P.J. Kenedy, 1963.
The following 4 volumes, written by Kaftal, are very important for the study of the Italian Saints and their depiction in Italian art.
• Iconography of the Saints in Tuscan Painting. Florence: Sansoni, 1952.
• Iconography of the Saints in Central and South Italian Schools of Painting. Florence: Sansoni, 1965.
• Iconography of the Saints in the Painting of North East Italy. Florence: Sansoni, 1978.
• Iconography of the Saints in the Painting of North West Italy. Florence: Sansoni, 1985. 

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Myth, Legend, and Classical References:

• Bell, Robert E. Dictionary of Classical Mythology: Symbols, Attributes and Associations. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1982.
• Frazer, James. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. London: Macmillan, 1980.

A multivolume set that treats myth by calling upon the study of comparative religions.
• Jobes, Gertrude. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore and Symbols. New York: Scarecrow, 1961.
• Reid, Jane Davidson. Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts 1300-1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Cites myths, classical texts, and depictions of the myths in art, music, dance, and literature.
• Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Zurich: Artemis, 1981 +.

A monumental work of classical iconography spanning the Mycenaean to Early Christian period, and citing texts and images.

Emblems:

• Diehl, Huston. An Index of Icons in English Emblem Books, 1500-1700. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
• Henkel, Arthur, and Albrecht Schone. Emblemata: Handbuch zur Sinnbildkunst des XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1967, Supp. 1976.
• Diehl, Huston. An Index of Icons in English Emblem Books 1500-1700.Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
• Praz, Mario. Studies in Seventeenth-Century Imagery. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letterature, 1974. (N7740.P7214 1964)

Heraldry:

• Neubecker, Ottfried. Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
• Bascape, Giacomo, and Marcello del Piazzo. Insegne e simboli araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna. Rome: Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, 1983.

Periods, Styles, and Regions

• Counter-Reformation
• Knipping, John B. Iconography of the Counter-Reformation in the Netherlands. Nieuwkoop: B. deGraaf, 1974.
• Baroque
• Earls, Irene. Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996.
• Pigler, Anton. Barockthemen. Budapest: Akademiae Kiado, 1974.

Earlier edition shelved at: N7831.P5. Differences in the two indexes are not substantial. Cites images and themes covered in art between the 14th and 18th centuries, making the title somewhat misleading.
• Asian Art
• Auboyer, Jeannine, et al. Oriental Art: A Handbook of Styles and Forms. New York: Rizzoli, 1980.
• Egyptian Art
• Clark, R.T.Rundle. Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 1978.
• Secular Themes
• Marle, Raimond van. Iconographie de l'art profane au moyen-age et a la Renaissance et la decoration des demeures. New York: Hacker, 1971.
• Preston, Percy. A Dictionary of Pictorial Subjects from Classical Literature: A Guide to Their Identification in Art. New York: Charles Scribner, 1983.
• Tervarent, Guy de. Attributs et symbolees dans l'art profane 1450-1600. Geneva: Librairie E. Droz, 1958.
• Medieval Art
• Camille, Michael. The Gothic Idol: Ideology and Image-Making in Medieval Art. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
• Male, Emile. The Gothic Image. Trans. by Dora Nussey. New York: Harper, 1958.

General discussion of Gothic iconography. Other work by the author deals with specific time periods in a more detailed way.
• Katzenellenbogen, Adolf. Allegories of the Virtues and Vices in Mediaeval Art From Early Christian Times to the Thirteenth Century. New York: W.W. Norton, 1964.
• Ladner, Gerhart B. Images and Ideas in the Middle Ages. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1983.

Journals:

• Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute contains many iconographic studies. It is indexed by RAA (Repertoire d'art et d'archeologie) until 1990, by BHA (Bibliography of the History of Art) after 1990, and is included in Art Index.
• Studies in Iconography